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(April 2016) In, data recovery is a process of salvaging (retrieving) inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged or formatted data from, or, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a normal way. The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or external (HDDs), (SSDs), subsystems, and other. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage devices or logical damage to the that prevents it from being by the host (OS). The most common data recovery scenario involves an operating system failure, malfunction of a storage device, logical failure of storage devices, accidental damage or deletion, etc. (typically, on a single-drive, single-, single-OS system), in which case the ultimate goal is simply to copy all important files from the damaged media to another new drive.

This can be easily accomplished using a, many of which provide a means to the system drive and backup drives or removable media, and to move the files from the system drive to the backup media with a. Such cases can often be mitigated by and consistently storing valuable data files (or copies of them) on a different partition from the replaceable OS system files.

Another scenario involves a drive-level failure, such as a compromised or drive partition, or a. In any of these cases, the data is not easily read from the media devices. Depending on the situation, solutions involve repairing the logical file system, partition table or, or updating the firmware or drive recovery techniques ranging from software-based recovery of corrupted data, hardware- and software-based recovery of damaged service areas (also known as the hard disk drive's 'firmware'), to hardware replacement on a physically damaged drive which allows for extraction of data to a new drive.

If a drive recovery is necessary, the drive itself has typically failed permanently, and the focus is rather on a one-time recovery, salvaging whatever data can be read. In a third scenario, files have been accidentally ' from a storage medium by the users. Typically, the contents of deleted files are not removed immediately from the physical drive; instead, references to them in the directory structure are removed, and thereafter space the deleted data occupy is made available for later data. In the mind of, deleted files cannot be discoverable through a standard file manager, but the deleted data still technically exists on the physical drive. In the meantime, the original file contents remain, often in a number of disconnected, and may be recoverable if not overwritten by other data files. The term 'data recovery' is also used in the context of applications or, where data which have been or hidden, rather than damaged, are recovered. Sometimes data present in the computer gets encrypted or hidden due to reasons like virus attack which can only be recovered by some computer forensic experts.

See also: A wide variety of failures can cause physical damage to storage media, which may result from human errors and natural disasters. Can have their metallic substrate or dye layer scratched off; hard disks can suffer from a multitude of mechanical failures, such as and failed motors; can simply break. Physical damage to a hard drive, even in cases where a head crash has occurred, does not necessarily mean there will be permanent loss of data.

The techniques employed by many professional data recovery companies can typically salvage most, if not all, of the data that had been lost when the failure occurred. Of course there are exceptions to this, such as cases where severe damage to the hard drive may have occurred. However, if the hard drive can be repaired and a full image or clone created, then the logical file structure can be rebuilt in most instances. Most physical damage cannot be repaired by end users.

For example, opening a hard disk drive in a normal environment can allow airborne dust to settle on the platter and become caught between the platter and the. During normal operation, read/write heads float 3 to 6 above the platter surface, and the average dust particles found in a normal environment are typically around 30,000 nanometers in diameter. When these dust particles get caught between the read/write heads and the platter, they can cause new head crashes that further damage the platter and thus compromise the recovery process. Furthermore, end users generally do not have the hardware or technical expertise required to make these repairs. Consequently, data recovery companies are often employed to salvage important data with the more reputable ones using dust- and static-free. Recovery techniques Recovering data from physically damaged hardware can involve multiple techniques.

Some damage can be repaired by replacing parts in the hard disk. This alone may make the disk usable, but there may still be logical damage. A specialized disk-imaging procedure is used to recover every readable bit from the surface. Once this image is acquired and saved on a reliable medium, the image can be safely analyzed for logical damage and will possibly allow much of the original file system to be reconstructed. Hardware repair.

Media that has suffered a catastrophic electronic failure requires data recovery in order to salvage its contents. A common misconception is that a damaged (PCB) may be simply replaced during recovery procedures by an identical PCB from a healthy drive. While this may work in rare circumstances on hard disk drives manufactured before 2003, it will not work on newer drives. Electronics boards of modern drives usually contain drive-specific (generally a map of bad sectors and tuning parameters) and other information required to properly access data on the drive. Replacement boards often need this information to effectively recover all of the data. The replacement board may need to be reprogrammed.

Some manufacturers (Seagate, for example) store this information on a serial chip, which can be removed and transferred to the replacement board. Each hard disk drive has what is called a system area or service area; this portion of the drive, which is not directly accessible to the, usually contains drive's and adaptive data that helps the drive operate within normal parameters. One function of the system area is to log defective sectors within the drive; essentially telling the drive where it can and cannot write data. The sector lists are also stored on various chips attached to the PCB, and they are unique to each hard disk drive.

If the data on the PCB do not match what is stored on the platter, then the drive will not calibrate properly. In most cases the drive heads will click because they are unable to find the data matching what is stored on the PCB. Logical damage.

Result of a failed data recovery from a hard disk drive. The term 'logical damage' refers to situations in which the error is not a problem in the hardware and requires software-level solutions. Corrupt partitions and file systems, media errors In some cases, data on a hard disk drive can be unreadable due to damage to the or, or to (intermittent) media errors. In the majority of these cases, at least a portion of the original data can be recovered by repairing the damaged partition table or file system using specialized data recovery software such as; software like can image media despite intermittent errors, and image raw data when there is partition table or file system damage.

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This type of data recovery can be performed by people without expertise in drive hardware as it requires no special physical equipment or access to platters. Sometimes data can be recovered using relatively simple methods and tools; more serious cases can require expert intervention, particularly if parts of files are irrecoverable. Is the recovery of parts of damaged files using knowledge of their structure. Overwritten data. See also: After data has been physically overwritten on a hard disk drive, it is generally assumed that the previous data are no longer possible to recover. In 1996, a computer scientist, presented a paper that suggested overwritten data could be recovered through the use of.

In 2001, he presented another paper on a similar topic. To guard against this type of data recovery, Gutmann and Colin Plumb designed a method of irreversibly scrubbing data, known as the and used by several disk-scrubbing software packages. Substantial criticism has followed, primarily dealing with the lack of any concrete examples of significant amounts of overwritten data being recovered. Although Gutmann's theory may be correct, there is no practical evidence that overwritten data can be recovered, while research has shown to support that overwritten data cannot be recovered. (SSD) overwrite data differently from (HDD) which makes at least some of their data easier to recover.

Most SSDs use to store data in pages and blocks, referenced by (LBA) which are managed by the (FTL). When the FTL modifies a sector it writes the new data to another location and updates the map so the new data appear at the target LBA.

This leaves the pre-modification data in place, with possibly many generations, and recoverable by data recovery software. Lost, deleted, and formatted data Sometimes, data present in the physical drives (Internal/External Hard disk, Pen Drive, etc.) gets lost, deleted and formatted due to circumstances like virus attack, accidental deletion or accidental use of SHIFT+DELETE. In these cases, data recovery software are used to recover/restore the data files. Logical bad sector In the list of logical failures of hard disks, logical bad sector is the most common in which data files cannot be retrieved from a particular sector of the media drives. To resolve this, software is used to correct the logical sectors of the media drive. If this is not enough, the hardware containing the logical bad sectors must be replaced. Remote data recovery Recovery experts do not always need to have physical access to the damaged hardware.

When the lost data can be recovered by software techniques, they can often perform the recovery using remote access software over the Internet, LAN or other connection to the physical location of the damaged media. The process is essentially no different from what the end user could perform by themselves. Remote recovery requires a stable connection with an adequate bandwidth. However, it is not applicable where access to the hardware is required, as in cases of physical damage.

Four phases of data recovery Usually, there are four phases when it comes to successful data recovery, though that can vary depending on the type of data corruption and recovery required. Phase 1 Repair the hard disk drive Repair the hard disk drive so it is running in some form, or at least in a state suitable for reading the data from it. For example, if heads are bad they need to be changed; if the PCB is faulty then it needs to be fixed or replaced; if the spindle motor is bad the platters and heads should be moved to a new drive. Phase 2 Image the drive to a new drive or a disk image file When a hard disk drive fails, the importance of getting the data off the drive is the top priority.

The longer a faulty drive is used, the more likely further data loss is to occur. Creating an image of the drive will ensure that there is a secondary copy of the data on another device, on which it is safe to perform testing and recovery procedures without harming the source. Phase 3 Logical recovery of files, partition, MBR and filesystem structures After the drive has been cloned to a new drive, it is suitable to attempt the retrieval of lost data. If the drive has failed logically, there are a number of reasons for that.

Using the clone it may be possible to repair the partition table or (MBR) in order to read the file system's data structure and retrieve stored data. Phase 4 Repair damaged files that were retrieved Data damage can be caused when, for example, a file is written to a sector on the drive that has been damaged. This is the most common cause in a failing drive, meaning that data needs to be reconstructed to become readable.

Corrupted documents can be recovered by several software methods or by manually reconstructing the document using a hex editor. Restore disk The operating system can be reinstalled on a computer that is already licensed for it. The reinstallation can be done by downloading the operating system or by using a 'restore disk' provided by the computer manufacturer. Eric Lundgren was fined and sentenced to U.S. Federal prison in April 2018 for producing 28,000 restore disks and intending to distribute them for about 25 cents each as a convenience to computer repair shops.

List of data recovery software Bootable. See also: Data recovery cannot always be done on a running system. As a result, a, or any other type of live distro contains a minimal operating system.: This software come up with a bootable cd/dvd to recover data when windows system fails to boot.: A lightweight variant of Microsoft Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 32 bit operating systems, similar to a Windows Preinstallation Environment, which can be run from a Live CD or Live USB drive. See also:. (BEC): A forensic software product developed by Belkasoft, that can recover files or particular records (such as individual chats or visited browser links).

See also:.: a free disk cloning, disk imaging, data recovery, and deployment boot disk. CopyCatX: Originally a backup software, it is capable of creating images of damaged media.: an open-source tool similar to but with the ability to skip over and subsequently retry bad blocks on failing storage devices.: common byte-to-byte cloning tool found on Unix-based systems Companies. The Data Rescue Center at.: Data recovery service licensed with every major hard-drive manufacturer.

See also. 13 February 2017 at the. Vasconcelos, Pedro. The Ontrack Data Recovery Blog. Kroll Ontrack UK. From the original on 19 June 2013.

Retrieved 23 May 2013. From the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

Archived from on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Ariel Berkman (14 February 2013). Archived from (PDF) on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015. 16 April 2013. 17 October 2016 at the.

9 December 2007 at the., Peter Gutmann, Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland. 21 February 2007 at the., Peter Gutmann, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. Feenberg, Daniel (14 May 2004).

National Bureau of Economic Research. From the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.

17 March 2009. Archived from on 2 September 2012. 18 March 2009. Archived from on 27 November 2012. Wright, Dr. Craig (15 January 2009).

From the original on 23 May 2010. Barton, Andre (17 December 2012). Data Recovery Digest. From the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015. Stanley Morgan (28 December 2012). From the original on 2 April 2015.

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Retrieved 23 March 2015. Washington Post (26 April 2018).

Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2018.

Windows Report. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

Further reading. Tanenbaum, A. & Woodhull, A. Operating Systems: Design And Implementation, 2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall.

EAST LANSING, Mich. – The University of Miami golf team is in sixth after the first two rounds of play at the 35th annual Mary Fossum Invitational, held Saturday at the par 72, 6,334-yard Forest Akers West Golf Course in East Lansing, Mich. Miami Shot 9-over-par as a team. The Hurricanes return to the golf course Sunday, with a shotgun start scheduled for 9 a.m.

Live scoring for the tournament is available at 'I'm disappointed in how the second round played out. We are a better team then what we showed,' head coach said. '36 holes, non-stop, is very exhausting, but not an excuse. I'm looking forward to a great round tomorrow.' Miami got off to a hot start in round one, led. The senior led all competitors with a five-under 67 in the opening round.

Overall, the junior concluded the first 36 holes tied-for-third, carding 3-under with seven birdies on the day. Sophomore recorded a 5-over 149 finishing the day tied-for-31st, while junior carded a 6-over 150 for UM's third score. She stands in a 37th-place tie. Graduate student shot 1-under in the second round, tacking on five birdies. Overall, she sits in a tie-for-45th, scoring eight-over-par.

Junior closed out the afternoon nine-over, tied-for-56th. To keep up with the University of Miami golf team on social media, follow @HurricanesGolf on, @CanesGolf on and @CanesWGolf on. Team Standings (Par 72) 1.

Virginia 571 (-5) T2. Georgia 574 (-2) T2. Florida 574 (-2) 4.

Michigan State 575 (-1) 5. Old Dominion 576 ( 1) 6. Miami 585 ( 9) 7. Indiana 590 ( 14) 8. Texas Tech 591 ( 15) 9.

Mercer 592 ( 16) 10. Toledo 596 ( 20) 11. Mississippi St. 600 ( 24) 12. Sacramento State 604 ( 28) 13. Rutgers 605 ( 29) 14. Kansas State 619 ( 43) 15.

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Northern Illinois 620 ( 44) 16. Eastern Michigan 634 ( 58) Miami Individuals T3. 141 (-3) T31. 149 ( 5) T37. 150 ( 6) T45.

152 ( 8) T56.